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The Physics topics this year contain three key components of physics: Term 3 Newton Rules: kinematics (the description of objects in motion speed-making), dynamics, (the study of the forces which cause motion-movement-making) and Term 4 Universe: astronomy (the study of the universe, its components and origins - star-system of rules).
Forces come in all different types and sizes. It is the relationship and interaction between the forces that determine what happens to the motion of an object. Unbalanced forces can cause objects to move, accelerate (speed up) or slow down. Although these forces are very useful at times, some forces need to be decreased; for example, forces applied during a car crash. Friction is another force that may be detrimental or beneficial, depending on the context. (Zhang, et al., 2015)
1. Describing and calculating motion
1.1 Define the terms distance, displacement, speed and velocity. Give the correct symbol and units for each quantity.
1.2 Distinguish between average and instantaneous speed.
1.3 Distinguish between scalar and vector quantities.
1.4 Collect data and plot displacement-time graphs for a object undergoing different types of motion.
1.5 Obtain speed, direction and distance from a displacement-time graph.
1.6 Calculate the gradient of a straight line of best fit.
1.7 Give a variety of ways that an object can have acceleration, including the symbol and units .
1.8 Calculate displacement, time, velocity and acceleration using the equations: v = d/t; a = (v-u) /t.
2. Reaction distance and braking distance in a car
2.1 Distinguish between reaction distance and braking distance when a car comes to a stop.
2.2 List the factors that influence the reaction distance and braking distance for a vehicle.
3. Forces
3.1 Identify the forces acting on vehicles and rockets and draw force diagrams.
3.2 Calculate the net force on an object.
4. Newton’s 1st Law
4.1 State Newton’s First Law of Motion.
4.2 Define inertia.
4.3 Identify examples of how inertia affects objects in everyday situations involving motion.
4.4 Predict the motion of objects in a variety of situations in light of this law.
5. Newton’s 2nd Law
5.1 State Newton's Second Law of Motion.
5.2 Distinguish between mass and weight and their units.
5.3 Describe qualitatively the relationship between force, mass and acceleration.
5.4 Calculate the force, mass and acceleration of objects using the equation: ΣF=ma.
5.5 Apply Newton’s 2nd law to everyday situations (e.g. vehicles and rockets).
5.6 Give examples of how knowing this law has enabled designers of safety equipment to save lives.
6. Newton’s 3rd Law
6.1 State Newton's Third Law of Motion.
6.2 Given an action force, identify the reaction force.
6.3 Analyse qualitatively everyday situations involving Newton’s Third Law.
SUBJECT SPECIFIC TERMINOLOGY
Motion
Any physical movement or change in position or place
Force
An action that causes an acceleration.
Net force
The sum total of all forces acting on an object.
Friction
The force of two surfaces that touch.
Inertia
A property of matter that causes it to resist changes in speed or direction (velocity).
Displacement
The NET change in position of an object; the shortest distance between two points
Speed
Rate of motion; rate of change of position; Speed = distance/time
Constant Speed
Speed does not change, Uniform speed.
Velocity
Speed PLUS direction, Rate of change of position,
Acceleration
Rate of change of velocity
Mass
The amount of matter in an object
Momentum
Quantity or amount of motion; product of mass and velocity (momentum = mass x velocity) M=m x v
Gravity
A downward force exerted on objects by the Earth. Attractive force.
Kinetic Energy
The energy of motion
Potential Energy
The energy of position or stored energy
SI units
A system of physical units ( SI units ) based on the metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, candela, and mole, together with a set of prefixes to indicate multiplication or division by a power of ten.
Vector
Quantity with magnitude and direction
Scalar
Quantity with magnitude only
Distance
Length, measured in metres
Newton
English mathematician and physicist
Average Speed
Total distance divided by total time
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Balanced forces
Equal forces acting on one object in opposite directions
Unbalanced forces
Two or more forces that are not equal and opposite of one another; can cause change in motion
Friction
Force that opposes motion
Newtons 1st law
An object will remain in a state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force.
Newton’s 2nd law
Force = Mass x Acceleration F = m x a
The force exerted on or by a body depends upon mass and acceleration.
Newton’s 3rd law
For every push there is a pull; for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Key descriptors of motion
Key descriptors of motion
· time of motion (t) measured in seconds (s)
· distance travelled (d) measured in metres (m)
· displacement from original position (x , y or s - each with a small right facing arrow over the top, indicating it is a vector) measured in metres (m)
· speed of motion (sp), measured in metres per second (m/s)
· velocity of motion (v - with a right-facing arrow over the top), measured in metres per second (m/s)
· acceleration of motion (a- with a right-facing arrow over the top), measured in metres / second / second (m/s2)
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